Module+2

=Module 2= toc

Learning Targets
In this module, you will: >
 * Learn how to connect clauses correctly by using three formulas:
 * DC, IC
 * IC DC (-)
 * IC * IC
 * Learn how to punctuate:
 * introductory phrases that start with prepositions
 * introductory phrases that start with subordinating conjunctions
 * between independent clauses
 * Learn how to vary clause order for greater impact on meaning



Task 1:
This task will help you learn the three basic punctuation formulas typically associated with various sentence types. I say, "typically," because, as we know, the English language is full of exceptions to the rule--that's what makes it so tricky. But if you study and learn these basic formulas--if you memorize and apply them--you will never again wonder, "Do I put a comma here, or not?"
 * Formulas for combining clauses**

Study the Scribd Slide Show
media type="custom" key="8325630"


 * Note: CCC is an acronym for "Comma Coordinating Conjunction" **

Identify the Formulas in Action

 * Open Answer Sheet |

Introductory phrases and clauses of sentences are set off by commas. A quick, easy way to spot an introductory phrase or clause is to see if the first word of the sentence is either a preposition or a subordinating conjunction. Although they are different parts of speech, when at the beginning of a sentence, they both automatically create a dependent (and introductory) phrase.
 * The DC, IC formula**

above across after against around at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond || by down during except for from in inside into like near of off on out || outside over since through throughout till to toward under until up upon with without || according to because of by way of in addition to in front of in place of in regard to in spite of instead of on account of out of ||
 * Common Prepositions:**
 * Describe relationship between other words in a sentence**
 * about

although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though || if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that || though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while ||
 * Common Subordinating Conjunctions:**
 * Join parts of sentences**
 * after

Punctuating between Introductory Clauses

 * DC, IC **
 * Introductory phrases and clauses set off by commas**

Beyond the hills and into the woods**, **the horse ran away from the fire. > Throughout history**, **humankind has had problems getting along. > **On** account of my sister, I would like to offer a gift.
 * Introductions with Prepositions**
 * Notice how this sentence structure emphasizes //where// the horse ran.
 * Notice how this sentence structure emphasizes //when// humankind has had problems.
 * Notice how this sentence structure takes emphasis off //"I"// and puts it on "behalf of sister."

Even if you are an athlete, a marathon can be a brutal experience. > Rather than cancel my trip, I decided to ride in the rain. > While she was sleeping, the snow fell on the streets.
 * Introductions with Subordinating Conjunctions**
 * Notice how this sentence structure emphasizes "athlete"; it enhances the brutal experience. It seems to say that the marathon doesn't care if you're an athlete.
 * Notice how this sentence structure emphasizes the idea of "not canceling" and enhances the act of riding in the rain. It seems to point out the "other option" of quitting.
 * Notice how this sentence structure emphasizes "sleeping" and enhances the action of snow falling.

// Finished studying? Go to your Answer Sheet to apply what you've learned! //

Contrasting or Parenthetical Information

 * IC DC (-) **
 * Same clauses and phrases, but without introduction**

The horse ran away from the fire**, ** beyond the hills and into the woods. ( parenthetical information: // information that can be removed without changing the meaning of a sentence //) Everyone should strive to make money**, ** within certain limits. (contrasting information) Humankind has had problems getting along throughout history. I would like to offer a gift **on** account of my sister. (Notice how this "wordy" preposition even starts with "on," which is a preposition...)

A marathon can be a brutal experience, even if you are an athlete. (parenthetical information) I decided to ride in the rain rather than cancel my trip. The snow fell on the streets while she was sleeping. ( prepositions / subordinating conjunctions )

// Finished studying? Go to your Answer Sheet to apply what you've learned! //

Organizing for Effect

 * IC * IC **
 * Punctuating between independent clauses**


 * .Cap (period capital):** //Feed// is one of my favorite books** . I **recommend it to others.
 * Notice how choppy this relationship between ideas is. The period severely interrupts the "flow."
 * (semicolon):** //Feed// is one of my favorite books** ; ** I recommend it to others.
 * This is the "roundhouse" kick--a powerful "move" in writing. Notice how the ideas are literally kept close by the "super comma." Use the semicolon sparingly and for effect--use it when you want to strongly express the connection between the two related independent clauses.
 * Sub. Conj. (subordinating conjunction):** //Feed// is one of my favorite books ** because **I recommend it to others.
 * Notice how the use of "because" creates a relationship that is dependent on each other. This is a "cause-effect" relationship. The meaning implies that, since I recommend it to others, it must, therefore, be my favorite book.
 * CCC (comma coordinating conjunction):** //Feed// is one of my favorite books**, so **I recommend it to others.
 * Notice how this reads almost like a "natural result." How would the meaning change if I replaced "so" with "and"? It would create a sense of "doing" instead of a sense of "result." The use of "so" is almost "passive"; but if I use "and," it's active. Feed is one of my favorite books, and I recommend it to others.
 * Coordinating Conjunctions: **
 * F ** or
 * A ** nd
 * N ** or
 * B ** ut
 * O ** r
 * Y ** et
 * S ** o

> For a detailed list, go here. however hence accordingly thus furthermore therefore in fact of course || // Finished studying? Go to your Answer Sheet to apply what you've learned! //
 * Conj. Adv., (conjunctive adverb,):** //Feed// is one of my favorite books** ; furthermore, ** I recommend it to others.
 * This is the "fancy pants" construction, also known as the 3-piece suit. Why? It has three parts: the semicolon, the conjunctive adverb, and the comma--three pieces. Use this relationship to create complex relationships between ideas. Use it for effect and sparingly. Overusing the 3-piece suit can make your writing sound "snotty" and uptight.
 * Common Conjunctive Adverbs:**
 * Create complex relationships between ideas**
 * moreover

Reflecting on Your Learning
Reflect on your learning in the space provided in the Answer Sheet, then paste your response in the [|Discussion]thread at the top of this page. Be sure to submit your answer sheet when you are all finished!